Embedded Systems

Unit I: Introduction to Embedded Systems

• Definition and Comparison: Embedded Systems vs. General Purpose Computer Systems

• History and Evolution of Embedded Systems

• Classifications and Applications:

  • Various classifications of embedded systems

  • Purpose of embedded systems in different industries

• Core Components of Embedded Systems:

  • Microprocessors vs. Microcontrollers

  • RISC and CISC Controllers

  • Big Endian and Little Endian Processors

  • Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)

  • Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)

  • Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) components

  • Sensors and Actuators

  • Communication Interfaces

  • Embedded Firmware

  • PCB and Passive Components

Unit II: Characteristics and Quality Attributes of Embedded Systems

• Key Characteristics of Embedded Systems

  • Real-time, embedded functionality

• Quality Attributes

  • Operational Quality: performance, power consumption, reliability

  • Non-operational Quality: maintainability, reusability

• Application-Specific Embedded Systems:

  • Example: Embedded Systems in Washing Machines

• Domain-Specific Embedded Systems:

  • Example: Automotive Embedded Systems

Unit III: Programming Embedded Systems

• Structure of an Embedded Program

  • Use of Infinite Loops

• Compilation, Linking, and Locating

• Downloading Embedded Programs

• Debugging Embedded Software

Unit IV: Embedded Hardware

• Memory Organization:

  • Memory Map, I/O Map, Interrupt Map

• Processor Families and External Peripherals

• Types of Memory:

  • RAM, ROM, Types of RAM/ROM

  • Flash Memory and CRC

• Memory Testing Techniques

Unit V: Peripherals in Embedded Systems

• Control and Status Registers

• Device Driver Development

  • Timer Driver, Watchdog Timers

• Embedded Operating Systems

  • Real-Time Characteristics

• Selection Process for Embedded OS

Unit VI: Design and Development in Embedded Systems

• Embedded System Development Environment

  • Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

  • Types of Files Generated during Cross Compilation

• Tools for Embedded Development:

  • Disassembler/Decompiler

  • Simulator and Emulator

  • Debugging Tools

• Embedded Product Development Life Cycle

• Current Trends in Embedded Systems Industry